Nazi Parade

photo taken by Hugo Jager

Seventy years ago the greatest massacre in history began - with the financing from the Depository financial institution of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United states.

A recent resolution by the parliamentary assembly of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely pragmatic goal of pumping Russian money into a few bankrupt economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Marriage and prepare the legal background for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to debate the culpability for the war's outbreak, then nosotros need to begin past answering this central question: who accommodated the Nazis' rise to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany'due south entire prewar history shows that the "necessary" policies were all provided for by guided financial turmoil - the aforementioned situation, by the manner, that the world finds itself in today.

The cardinal structures of the West's mail service-war strategy were the key financial institutions of the United states of america and Groovy U.k. - the Banking concern of England and the Federal Reserve System - coupled with fiscal-industrial organizations, who set out to establish accented control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Central Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the following steps:

1st: 1919-1924 - Preparing the grounds for massive American financial investments in the German language economy.
second: 1924-1929 - Establishing control over the financial system and funding the National-Socialist motion.
3rd: 1929-1933 - Inciting and unleashing a deep economic crisis ensuring the Nazis would rise to power.
4th: 1933-1939 - Financial cooperation with the Nazi government and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first stage, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related upshot of German reparations. Afterwards the Usa' formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and French republic) with loans amounting to $8.eight billon. The full sum of war debt owed to the U.S., including loans offered betwixt 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their own financial problems the debtor countries went subsequently Germany, forcing information technology to pay an enormous sum in reparations nether extremely difficult atmospheric condition. The resulting flying of German language capital away and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state arrears that all the government could do is mass produce German marks without bankroll. The High german currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and one dollar was worth four.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly demolition all attempt to pay the reparations, which somewhen sparked the famous "Ruhr crisis" — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling aristocracy in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and American had been waiting for. Having allowed France to get bogged downwardly in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the problem, they took the situation into their own hands. U.Due south. Secretary of Land Charles Evans Hughes said, "We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal."

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, caput of the Bank of England. At the heart of the projection were Dresdner Depository financial institution representative Hjalmar Schacht'due south proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the asking of John Foster Dulles, hereafter Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal counselor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Briefing.

Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who then gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and - at last - to Weimar officials. In December 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and High german financial circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the "Dawes Plan" (named later on an Charles One thousand. Dawes, the American director of i of Morgan's banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and as well settled how Germany would pay them off. Withal, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could only be fabricated possible by stabilizing the German mark.

To that end, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, one-half of which were provided by Morgan's banks. In doing and so, Anglo-American banks established command over not only Germany's payments, but also its budget, monetary system and, to a large extent, its credit system. By August 1924, the onetime German mark had been made afresh, the financial state of affairs in Deutschland stabilized, and, as researcher One thousand.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Commonwealth was prepared for "the most striking economical aid in history, followed by the virtually bitter harvest in world history. [...] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American claret flooded into Germany'due south fiscal core."

The consequences of this quickly made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to cover the allies' total debts, the so-called "absurd Weimar bicycle" developed. The gilded that Deutschland was using to pay state of war reparations was heaped upwardly and sold to the U.Due south., where information technology disappeared. From the U.South., according to the plan, gold was going to Federal republic of germany in the form of "aid", which was and then paid back to England and French republic, who so sent information technology dorsum to the United States to pay off their state of war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest rate on it and sent it back to Germany. In the end, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, then the state would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Deutschland to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country'due south military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American uppercase to actively integrate itself into the High german economic system. The total corporeality of foreign investment in German industry from 1924-1929 amounted to about 63 billion gilded marks (the loans accounted for xxx billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers - primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy percentage of Frg's financial income. As a event, equally early as 1929, Deutschland'due south industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America's leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.Thousand. Farben, the company that became the German armed forces's central component, was under the control of Rockefeller's Standard Oil at the time information technology funded 45 percentage of Hitler's election entrada in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the course of AEG and Siemens (by 1933, General Electrical owned a 30 percent stake in AEG). Through telecom visitor ITT, he controlled 40 percent of Federal republic of germany's telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family's General Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percentage stake in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller bank, Dillon Reed and Co., the 2nd largest industrial monopoly emerged - metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Federal republic of germany's military-industrial circuitous became so intense and pervasive that, past 1933, American capital had reached fundamental sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Banking company, Dresdner Bank, Donat Bank, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be chosen upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans - the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that beginning in 1923, Hitler received big sums of money from abroad - from where exactly is unknown, but it passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. It is likewise known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Armed forces Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich - a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), maxim he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith's circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with "Putzi" (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an important role shaping Hitler into a successful politico, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.

Hitler was preparing himself for big-time politics, just, equally long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his political party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.

After the U.Due south. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock market in the fall of 1929, the third phase of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and J.P. Morgan decided to end lending to Federal republic of germany, spurring a banking crisis and economic low in Fundamental Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the golden standard, deliberately destroying the international payment organisation and completely cutting off the fiscal oxygen of the Weimar Commonwealth.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, cheers to large donations from Thyssen, I.Thousand. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected vi.4 million votes - putting it in second place in the Reichstag. Soon thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from away. Hjalmar Schacht became the key link betwixt the major German language industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a hush-hush agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Party. The American politician, Dulles, was as well present at this meeting - something his biographers don't like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing banker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler's programme was fully approved. Information technology was here that the last path for the Nazis' ascension to ability was laid, and on Jan xxx, Hitler became chancellor.

Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions about the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay up. Moreover, subsequently Reichsbank head Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.Southward. in May 1933 to come across with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well every bit a reduction and eventual abeyance of payment on onetime loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that the previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Great britain signed the Anglo-High german Transfer Agreement, which became i of the foundations of British policy towards the Third Reich, and by the end of the 1930's, Germany adult into Britain's chief trading partner. Schroeder'south bank turned into Deutschland's and Great U.k.'due south main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller holding to create the investment banking company "Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.", which the New York Times described as "economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome". Every bit he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit equally the fiscal basis of his four-year plan, so this didn't raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of land in Germany and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the same fourth dimension, the United States secretly provided Frg with the most modern equipment for airplane factories, which would soon produce German aircraft. Deutschland received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the "Junker-87" dive-bomber was congenital using purely American technology. By 1941, when the second world war was in full-swing, American investment in the High german economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 million alone, General Motors — $35 one thousand thousand, ITT — $30 million, and Ford — $17.5 million.

The intimate financial and economic collusion betwixt Anglo-American and Nazi man of affairs was the backdrop confronting which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place - leading straight to World State of war II.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of "Not bad Depression part II" with the subsequent transition to a "new world guild", it is imperative to identify its key role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.


ORIENTAL REVIEW has completed sectional translations of the chapters from Nikolay Starikov's documentary research ""Who Made Hitler Assault Stalin" (St.Petersburg, 2008). Mr. Starikov is Russian historian and civil activist. The original text was adjusted and translated by ORIENTAL REVIEW.